Space geodesy

“Space geodesy (from the Greek. geo – earth, and diairo – divide) is engaged in the study of the Earth.
The function of space – satellite geodesy is to determine the relative position of two or more points on the Earth’s surface. It is assumed that the problem will be solved by simultaneous observation of the same artificial Earth satellite (ISS) from them. In order to do this, more precise definitions of the position of the satellite on the celestial sphere and the distance to it are needed. At the moment, these measurements are made using radiometodes, as well as laser rangefinders.
(from Latin. navigo – sailing through the sea).
The main activities in the field of space navigation:
To determine the position in the atmosphere or on the surface of our planet of any object, such as an airplane, ship or car, which is equipped with special equipment, it is necessary to establish communication with navigation artificial satellites of the Earth. In some cases, this method of navigation is called satellite navigation.
It is assumed that this will be related to determining the position of spacecraft in space and calculating the elements of orbits, as well as the possibility of changing the parameters of their movement.
The platform level.
Using the term “space platform”, it is possible to describe the part of the apparatus entrusted with the function of providing the necessary conditions for the operation of a payload in space – equipment that is used for scientific research, remote sensing of the Earth, organization of radio communications, etc..
In fact, this is a modular technology for creating a space platform, which allows, with minimal cost and a relatively short period of time, to adapt the capabilities of the platform to use as part of various types of spacecraft that have different target equipment.
Communication services.
Space communication capabilities include the transmission of information between ground stations (NP) and space objects; between NP using Earth relay satellites; between space objects using natural Earth satellites – relay satellites.
Various types of information can be used as information: telemetry, telegraphic, telephone, television, etc. Currently, communication with outer space is the most common, which is used to communicate with remote and sparsely populated areas of the Earth. Some territories can provide themselves with telephone and television only through the use of satellite communications. Currently, work is underway to organize global individual interplanetary telephone and paging communications.
Rules of the game: speed first.
The speed required to enter the lowest circular orbit around a massive space object of any physical body: a spacecraft, a fragment of the main object, etc. An increase in speed beyond the first space leads to an increase in the eccentricity (see Orbits, eccentricity) of the orbit to the point that it transforms into a parabola (see here – the second speed). According to research, the first cosmic velocity for Earth is 7.9 km/s. For more information, see Kepler’s laws.
Let’s compare: the speed of a modern car is 150 km/h, which means a speed of 41.7 m/s. Also, the speed of a bullet from a firearm is 0.8 km/s. And the speed of a fighter flying at the speed of sound is 1,155 km/s.
Instantaneous speed.
The minimum required speed for leaving – escaping – from a massive space object along the parabolic trajectory of any physical body: a molecule (see Dissipation), a spacecraft, a fragment of the main object, etc. An increase in speed beyond the second space leads to an increase in the eccentricity (see Orbits, eccentricity) of the trajectory, i.e. to its transformation into an increasingly an “open” hyperbole.
According to research, the second cosmic velocity for Earth is 11.2 km/s. For more information, see Kepler’s laws.
The final speed of the third.
To overcome the attraction of the Sun and enter a parabolic trajectory relative to it, a minimum speed value is required. When starting from Earth, it has a speed of 16.0 km/s and should move in the direction of the orbital velocity of our planet, which means its connection with it. The change in the speed of the Earth’s orbital movement occurs at a time when its orbit is not circular, but elliptical (see Kepler’s laws), but at the same time its average speed is 29.765 km/s. According to the results obtained, the average third cosmic velocity relative to the Sun in Earth orbit is approximately 46 km/s. This speed, in relation to the Sun, is the second cosmic speed (see here – the second speed), if you start from a height of 150 million kilometers above its surface. For more information, see Kepler’s laws.”